Risk Management

What is a Risk?

Pmtips  (2010)

According to Theirm (2002), risk is a combination of the events and its consequences. Risk management standard is the result of work by team drawn from major risk management organization as mentioned by Institute of Risk Management (Theirm, 2002)

What is Risk Management?

Risk management is a central part of any organisation’s strategic management (European Federation, 2013). By identifying the risks the organizations are trying to solve them to achieve the goals to sustain the business (European Federation, 2013).

Risks faced by projects
Strategic:

• Project Abandonment
• Massive over run
• Loss of client confident

Operational:

• Inefficiency
• Unacceptable working conditions

Risk Management Process

Leadership Champions (2008)

1. Risk Planing: Adapt risk management approach by exploring the possible ways to reduce impact of threats (Pmtips , 2010).
2. Risk Identification: Predict effects on plan and document the characteristics (Pmtips , 2010).
3. Risk Analysis: Assess likelihood and impact of risks while analyzing the probability of risk occurance and numerically analyze effects of identified risks on project objectives (Leadership Champions, 2008).
4. Risk Response: Develop contingency measures and plan possible responses to risk occurance  (Pmtips , 2010).
5. Risk Action: Implement risk reduction methods to measure the effectiveness of the planing and controlling the risk impact (Leadership Champions, 2008).

Reference

European Federation (2013) Fundamentals of Risk Management. [e-book] European Federation for welding joining and cutting. http://www.ewf.be/media/documentosDocs/doc_16_ewf-644-08-fundamentals-of-risk-management.pdf.[Accessed: 08th January 2013].

Pmtips (2010) A High-Level Overview of Risk Management | Project Management Tips || Project Management, Collaboration and Knowledge Management Blog. [online] Available at: http://pmtips.net/highlevel-overview-risk-management/ [Accessed: 8 Jan 2013].

Leadership Champions (2008) Risk Management Processes. [online] Available at: http://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/06/24/risk-management-processes/ [Accessed: 8 Jan 2013].

Theirm (2002) A Risk Management Standard. [e-book] AIRMIC, ALARM, IRM . http://www.theirm.org/publications/documents/Risk_Management_Standard_030820.pdf [Accessed: 08th January 2013].

Ethical Code of Conduct

Code of Ethical Conduct defines good practice for professionals in the suitability of industry by brilliant on the core values of rights, relationships, responsibilities, standards and safety. Doing the right is experienced based rules and expectations is ethical code and concerned with right and wrong morals (Exerciseregister , 2013).

The term ‘professional’ is used in a qualitative context in this Code and does not necessarily involve a paid position. The Code applies to both in employment and freelance professionals but where professionals are employed(Exerciseregister , 2013) the Register accepts that employed exercise professionals (Exerciseregister , 2013).

Importance of ethics

• Ethics are concerned with questions of values about the behavior of the humans "good" or "bad" in any given situation.
•       Expected Behavior : Platform that would lead to the expected behavior from the member of society in any given situation
•        Decision Making: Ethics are the standards, values, morals, principles, used to base one's decisions or actions on a basis for ethical decision making in the conduct of professional work 

Code of Ethics
Ethical judgments are no different in the area of computing from those in business practices, law practices, professional code of conducts because the computers raise problems of privacy, ownership, theft and power. Ethics programs will be a code of ethics with the purpose is to provide guidance to staff. U

Ethical Principals

•Ethical behavior should conform to both the law and the moral codes common to society.

•There are at least 2 ways to view ethical behavior:

–Utilitarian view (utilitarianism)

–Individualism view

Reference
Exerciseregister (2013) Code of Ethical Conduct. [online] Available at: http://www.exerciseregister.org/members/code-of-ethical-conduct.html [Accessed: 8 Jan 2013].

Job Interview Skills

Interview is a formal discussion between interviewer and interviewee.In here the employer decides whether to applicant is suitable fort the job position or not while applicant tries to learn more about job description and while impressing the employer.  

How to prepare yourself before the interview?

• Check availability
• Punctuality (Arrive early)
• Research about organization
• Know about future enhancements of organization
• Make a list of questions the interviewer will  ask
• Create a very good first impression



Glassdoor (2013) 

• Analyze the job position by looking at the basic requirements

This topic is very important because in the future one day students after graduating walk into industry and have to face interviews. Learned that when facing to interview it is important to get the 1st impression and it is the last impression to an interviewer.

Aptitude and Attitude are very important in the interviews.

• Aptitude : Able to learn new technologies
• Attitude : Able to work with others

There are 3 people in a interview.

• Technical
• Emotional Quantum
• Evident of the CV

Types of questions asking in an interview

• Rapport building questions : Helps tp put candidate at ease 
• Open-ended questions : Depending on how 1st quesstion is being answered the other question set is brought up by the employer
• Probing questions : Mostly technical questions
• Non-questions : Makes candidate comfortable at responding by asking questions that is not ending with a question

Normally at the interview 20 questions will be asked.

Interview tips

Reference

Glassdoor (2013) 4 Questions To Ask During Your Job Interview . [image online] Available at: http://www.glassdoor.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/interview34.jpg.

Career Development (Curriculum Vitae & Cover Letter)

01-01-2013
Career Development

Be Prepared to think different when you develop your individual career development plan!!!

empowernetwork (2012)

Difference between CV and Resume

• Resume: A detailed description of person's experience, achievements
• CV: A structured point formed skills, philosophy

HR need analysis

• Fill the gap of employee leaving, someone die or retire
• When expanding the company context
• Temporary

Each company has a cooperate plan nearly about 5 years and break this huge plain into smaller sections about 1 year and so on.

The process of HR need is satisfying according to the below figure.

Authors work (2013)

The personal profile is consist of experience, skills,  study (knowledge) whereas job description is expected to  be performed by employee.

• Responsibility
• Reporting
• Authority

There are 3 types of interviews such as:

• Group Interview - Technical competence
• Presentation - Emotional / Attitude
• Case study (Report writing) - Planning to sell yourself by showing the ability to write

Challenges in HR analysis

• Why company need this type of people
• To fill the cooperate space in the company

02-01-2013

Curriculum Vitae

CV is known as Course of one's life. This helps to organize the future career of a person by joining to the organization. Also helping to set the goals by getting recommendations from referees. Anyway CV must be look professional, clear, relevant and include necessary facts, complete, consistent are key points. One person's CV can be different from another. So that updating the CV each time is good.

Contact Information

dailyjobads (2012)

• Full Name
• Postal address which is permanet
• Mail Address
• Phone numbers

Sections of a CV

1. Objective
2. Education
3. Honors & Awards
4. Professional Experience
5. Publications/ Presentations
6. Extra-curricular & Volunteer Experience
7. Interests

Optional:

1. Certifications  License
2. Professional Affiliations
3. Professional Activities
4. Research
5. Added Qualifications

howtomakeacv.files.wordpress (2012)

General set-up features

• Font: Time new Roman
• Regular paper: White
• Font size: 12 points
• No underlining but can bold or use caps to stand out things
• Single sided
• 1" margin in all around
• Number the pages
• No graphics
• Full name on every page

07-01-2013

Cover Letter

Cover Letter is a letter sent with your CV to introduce yourself, explain why yo sending the CV, and provide more details. This is projecting the desired image of you to the company to hire you for a particular job. Here mainly mostly important information must be conveyed while highlighting accomplishments.

Stylish cover letter

• Block style: All lines start on left side and no indentions
• Modified block style: uses indentations and each paragraph is indented

Out of these 2 stylish recommended to use Block style as its clear.

Helpful hints while writing cover letter

• Be assertive
• Value to employer
• Simple and direct language
• No grammar errors
• Reflect your individuality
• Spell recipient name correctly
• Be friendly
• Target your letter 

When you are done with the Cover Letter proofread it over and over and stick to the point while writing and if you need help while writing ask for help from qualified people.

Sections of Cover Letter

• Your address  and date
• Recipient name and address
• Salutation
• Body of the letter
• Complimentary close and signature
• Title of respect
• Return address and  zip code

Can also include reference initials enclosure notifications

Body of the letter

This has 3 paragraphs as discussed below.

1. Reason for writing
2. Point out qualifications
3. Call attention to resume, reiterate interst

Reference

http://www.empowernetwork.com/dchestnut/files/2012/10/careerdevelopment2.png
http://dailyjobads.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/CV2.jpg

http://howtomakeacv.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/logo_300-2.jpg

Personal Branding

Significance of personal branding is chiefly surrounded with confidence. According to Schawbel (2009), Personal branding refers to the picture of what is true and unique about you and allow others to know about that. Personal branding is specially emphases on giving a bit of advantage over the others. This helps job seekers to create the career path which connects with the skills and interests which able to map to the right position in the industry one day. 


Personal branding is useful to differentiate between  crowd by identifying the value proposition (Schawbel , 2009) whether its professional or personal (Schawbel , 2009). Also people can enhance the skills in the particular section by highlighting the expertise knowledge (Schawbel , 2009) while building the reputation and credibility. When building a brand it should be authentic (Schawbel , 2009).

Class Activity

In Sri Lanka although there are 3750+ graduates per year only 7/8 companies hire them from universities where the people have high brand of personality with confidence about the expert area. Mainly education qualification is affecting to get a better job. And think about the rest of the people? They wait poorly because they don't have own personal brand image.

Because of the rapid change of the technology the job seekers have to adapt to them also in order to get a job in the industry one day. Also they should be multi-task or should make use of multi-discipline approach. Then the job scope can e satisfied with breath and depth of the job. In order to build a personal branding people should look in the view of a company or a quality product. This means person should be able to sell the own skills, experience and potential.




These are some of the examples of companies which have identified an uniqure advantage over many others. Nike, Star buck, Harley Davidson, Coca Cola are some of the companies that have improved the branding. Today, Coca Cola is a world renowned brand and critics call it the sign of civilization as people in urban as well as rural areas are aware of it !  These can be used in the career plan.

Class Activity
While discussing about the quality of the product gave an activity to utter which brand each student like from mercedes-benz  and maruti. Here the functionality were compared in mercedes-benz with maruti and finally each student came to a conclusion. In my point of view mercedes-benz is best and it is a way which represents authors personal branding. The below table presents the comparison between the 2 brands and it proves why am i following mercedes-benz although its expensive.

Maruti	Mercedes-Benz
Less comfort -Air conditioner -Power Steering -Double horn	More comfort -Heated exterior mirrors, electrically adjustable -Outside temperature display -Automatic climate control and outstanding engine heat utilization -Speed-sensitive power steering -Rain sensor
Less Exterior -Body colored bumpers -Internally adjustable manual ORVM -Hub caps	More Exterior -Headlamp Assist -Luggage cover -Multifunction steer wheel -Tyre pressure loss warning system
Less Interior -Foldable grip assistant -Front/ Rear seat head restraint -Roof antenna -Cup holder in console -Clock	More Interior -LED brake lights -Navigation system -Cup holders -Foot-well lighting for driver and front -passenger -Parcel net in passenger foot-well -Seat belt tensioned and belt force limiter for driver and passenger
Less Safety -Rear fog lamp -Child lock	More Safety -Adaptive brake light -Airbags for driver and passenger -Anti-lock braking system (ABS) -Electro hydraulic brakes -Seat occupancy sensor in front passenger seat -Central locking -Tinted windows all round

What is doing by the personal branding?

•   Taking control of the image
• Knowing that you are capable to offer the service to world and market (Knowledge and Attitude)
• Knowing what makes different from rest of the people (Interpersonal Skills)
• knowing what makes standout and be recognized remembered.

Developing the personal branding

• Take time to know yourself
• Not about building a special image fro other people to see or trying to be what employees want
• If you are creative prove that with the  available skills

Class Activity

Authors Personal Brand statement:

I facilitate individuals and companies to build the most of talent on time while growing revenue and increasing profit while dedicating to apply the new technology. I work as a part of the team.  I am a straight shooter who isn't scared to have the strong conversations with anybody.  I also accept as true that people are more competent and valuable.  

One thing people hate about myself
Most of the people hate about myself because i spend more time with the books surrounding me every time. 
This is for to learn new technologies and to improve myself with knowledge. But most are jealous of this.  

One love thing by myself
I love that I’m learning to be more tactful with full determination.

The strengths and weaknesses that author identified can be presented as below.

Strengths: Organized, Perfectionist, Hard worker, Able to get along with people, Time management, No fear to speak large audience who is not known

Weaknesses: Can't say the word "no"

01-01-2013

Class Activity

Personal Philosophy

My personal brand denotes the following Proprieties:

Courage, Power, Wisdom

• Courage represents the quality of dealing with or facing danger, fear when conducting any kind of work
• Power represents the ability to do something or act in a specific way in some work
• Wisdom represents the experience, knowledge, judgement or quality of being wise in any kind of work

Reference
SCHAWBEL, D. (2009). Me 2.0: build a powerful brand to achieve career success. New York, Kaplan Pub.



http://books.google.lk/books?id=Od4BZ-ojHR4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=personal+branding&hl=en&sa=X&ei=q3XQUMDDNcuzrAeWoYHICA&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBQ
Me 2.0: Build a Powerful Brand to Achieve Career Success
 By Dan Schawbel

http://books.google.lk/books?id=ZIt0rdXb7y0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=personal+branding&hl=en&sa=X&ei=q3XQUMDDNcuzrAeWoYHICA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ

The Personal Branding Phenomenon: Apply the Personal Branding Techniques of ...

 By Peter Montoya, Tim Vandehey

http://books.google.lk/books?id=qRvTLxO8ChEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=personal+branding&hl=en&sa=X&ei=q3XQUMDDNcuzrAeWoYHICA&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=personal%20branding&f=false

The Brand Yu Life: Re-Thinking Who You Are Through Personal Brand Management

 By Hajj E. Flemings

Development Methodologies

What is a Method?
A method is a specific technique defined by a person in a way where a particular process can be carry on (Kinash, 2012). As an example the survey questionnaire. Also this contain model and life cycles. Method chosen depends in part on the Methodology used.


What is a Methodology?

A methodology is used to define how a method apply to conduct research (Kinash, 2012). It has body of knowledge which uses the methods (Kinash, 2012).

Why use a method?
- Define what you need to do
- Define the order in which you do it
- Improve your productivity
- To provide milestones

Other models and life cycles
- spiral model

- waterfall model

- V life cycle

- throwaway prototyping model

- evolutionary prototyping model

- incremental/iterative development

- reusable software model

- automated software synthesis 

17-12-2012
Sequential Methodology

1. Waterfall Project Life Cycle

The waterfall model prescribes a sequential execution of a set of development and management processes, 
with no return to an earlier activity once it is completed. Some variants of the waterfall model allow revisiting the immediately preceding activity if inconsistencies or new problems are encountered during the current activity.

Stages: 

Disadvantages of Waterfall Model

• Very difficult to go back to any stage after it finished
• No feedback loop
• No testing/ quality assurance

Advantages of Waterfall Model

• Easy to explain to the user
• Establishes milestones

Concurrency Methodology

2. Evolutionary Project Plan

3. Spiral Life Cycle

Barry Boehm devised the spiral model to address the weaknesses of the waterfall model, especially its lack of resilience in the face of change. The spiral model focuses on addressing risks incrementally by repeating the waterfall model in a series of cycles or rounds:

• Concept of Operation
• Software Requirements
• Software Product Design
• Detailed Design
• Code
• Unit Test
• Integration and Test
• Acceptance Test
• Implementation

Unit Test: Developer has access to code itself and do changes in it

Integration Test: QA don't have access to code only can use execution

RMMM (Risk Monitor, Measurement, Management)

Reactive                                                                     Proactive

When employee leaving the organization hire 

Kinash, S. (2012) Paradigms, Methodology & Methods . [e-book] http://www.bond.edu.au/prod_ext/groups/public/@pub-tls-gen/documents/genericwebdocument/bd3_012336.pdf [Accessed: 11 December 2012].

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/112380032/Software-Life-Cycle-Models-%28PowerPoint%29

Project Management

What is a project?
According to Usbr (2012), project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service or result. Endeavor undertaken is mean by temporary important the time is defined for starting and end point (Usbr , 2012). Based on this the success of the project is available.Unique product or service or result can be named as unique deliverable because there is no blueprint and  not innovating the same wheel again  (Usbr , 2012).

According to Managementhelp (2011), project can be defined as a time effort that produces a specific result. 

According to Pmi (2012), project is temporary and it has beginning and end time defined with the scope and resources.Therefore it is unique with a specific goal to be achieved at the end. 

What is a project management?

According to Usbr (2012), project management is an application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. The team who are involve in the project have different abilities to tackle with in order to accomplish success in the project (Usbr , 2012).

According to Tennessee  (2012), project management also can be defined as series of steps which is iterating to complete a particular task with specifics of who will do what and when.

According to Managementhelp (2011), project management is a organized effort to complete a successful project.

Process groups of a project in project management

1. Initiation
2. Planing
3. Executing
4. Monitoring & controlling
5. Completing

(Pmi , 2012)

The relationship between each other can be shown as the following figure. 

Usbr (2012)

Breath range of project management begins with initiation and goes till completing the project. And monitoring and controlling occur during the time period same as execution. Planning, monitoring and control has a collective depth similar to execution to require effort and implication of building the product.

1. Project Initiation - An idea for a project will be carefully examined in this stage in order to determine whether project will be feasible to the organization and will it be beneficial to the organization (projectinsight, 2012). During this phase, decision making team will identify if the project can realistically be completed in the given schedule with the technology and resource allocation (projectinsight, 2012). In this stage a "Project Charter " which is a legal document between the company and client is developed.


2.Planning - The start of the project plan is writing in the planning stage by outlining the work to be performed (projectinsight, 2012). During this phase, team should prioritize the project, calculate a budget and schedule, and determine what resources are needed. According to Pmi (2012), there are 9 steps to be carried out in this stage. The content is

• Integration
• Time Management
• Quality Management
• HRM Management
• Procurement Management
• Cost Management
• Risk Management
• Communication Management
• Scope Management

After this stage is completed a "Project Plan" is developed.

3.  Executing - This is the time to update through the plan by performing coding, designing and testing task which are needed to execute the process (projectinsight, 2012).After this stage is completed a "Status Report" is developed.

4. Monitoring & Controlling - Project managers will compare project status and progress to the actual plan (projectinsight, 2012). Here the scope and the plan of the project is checked according to the scheduled work (projectinsight, 2012). This is carrying on parallel to all above mentioned stages.

5. Closing/ Completing - After project tasks are completed and the client has approve the outcome of the project whether is is fulfilling the predicted outcome or not (projectinsight, 2012). Also here the client is trained to use the  program and also paying employees also done in this stage. 

Skills needed for project management
There are two types of skills need to project management which are known as hard and soft. Hard skills include the technical experienced skills such as numerical problem solving, generally problem solving, risk management, scheduling etc (Gillard, 2009).The soft skills are related to interpersonal skills such as communication, writing, leadership skills etc (Gillard, 2009).

Why manage project?
In order  to ensure success of the project that has been assured in the scheduled time line by meeting dead line to optimize resource (Usbr ,2012).

Project manager manages the expectation of stakeholder. A stakeholder is a person who is interested in a project. There are 2 types of stakeholders such as Direct and Indirect. 

 The expectations can be listed as below.

Triple Constant

All projects are carried out under constraints such as traditionally cost, time and scope. These factors enable to ensure the quality of the project. According to  projectsmart (1950),  the project must balance the 3 features which are listed below. 

• projects must be delivered within cost.
• Projects must be delivered on time.
• Projects must meet agreed scope, no more - no less.
• Projects must also meet customer quality requirements.

In present the four aspects of this tangle have been reduced to three because non of the clients expectations are same for the other (projectsmart , 1950).

pmhut (2012)

Cost - Projects have a finite budget

Time - Projects have a deadline date for delivery

Scope - Many projects fail on this constraint because the full scope of the project is not fully defined or understood at the start.

(projectsmart , 1950)

Project scope and feasibility

The main aims and objectives/ deliverable of this project is define the scope of the project. Also analyzes why a organization need an Information system to business case such as increase sales, more awareness etc. The deliverable will be card payment method. Although the content of the project is done, the content will not be covered within the project.

Content of Project plan 

- Work Break-down Structure

- Deliverable per stage (gives feedback for milestones by reviewing the progress)

- Project estimation (time)

- Scheduling (sequence of activities)

- Tools and techniqures

In order to clearly design the gannt chart PERT technique (Project Evaluation Research Technique) can be used to estimate the duration. In order to calculate this the following formula can be used. 

d= (a+um+b)/6

Also the critical path is very important to project management person. 

Resource Allocation

- Project proposal form

- Project specification form

- Midpoint interview

References

Tennessee (2012) Project Management. [e-book] U.S.: University of Tennessee. https://utworks.tennessee.edu/research/pdt/Mentoring/project_management.pdf [Accessed: 10 December 2012].

Usbr (2012) An Introduction to Project Management . [e-book] U.S.: http://www.usbr.gov/excellence/Finals/FinalIntroPM.pdf [Accessed: 11 December 2012].

Managementhelp (2011) All About Project Management. [online] Available at: http://managementhelp.org/projectmanagement/index.htm [Accessed: 11 Dec 2012].

Pmi (2012) What is Project Management? | Project Management Institute. [online] Available at: http://www.pmi.org/About-Us/About-Us-What-is-Project-Management.aspx [Accessed: 11 Dec 2012].

Gillard, S. (2009) Soft Skills and Technical Expertise of Effective Project Managers . Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology , 6 Available at: http://iisit.org/Vol6/IISITv6p723-729Gillard599.pdf [Accessed: 10 December 2012].

Little, P. (2012) Project management and management of design: Teaching and tools. AI EDAM, 12 (1), p.49-50. Available at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=38575&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0890060498121054 [Accessed: 12 December 2012].

Projectinsight (2012) 5 Basic Phases of Project Management. [online] Available at: http://www.projectinsight.net/project-management-basics/basic-project-management-phases.aspx [Accessed: 14 Dec 2012].

Projectsmart (1950) Understanding the Project Management Triple Constraint. [online] Available at: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/understanding-the-project-management-triple-constraint.html [Accessed: 14 Dec 2012].

Pmhut (2012) The Triple Constraints Model and Its Disappearance . [online] Available at: http://www.pmhut.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/triple-constraints.png [Accessed: 14 Dec 2012].

http://www2.ds.psu.edu/AcademicAffairs/Classes/IST260W/topic0A/topic_0116_02.html
http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/SuccessProjMgt.pdf

Library and Electronic Resources for Technical Reporting and Communication from Staffordshire University

Effective Library Usage
Library is  a collection of materials providing for public access to reading purpose in order to enhance the knowledge in any area (Librarylaws , 1996). Many of the libraries focus on a specific category.In order to look for library resources of your project please consider the below points.

• Always use locally available material first   (Staffordshire University library and Public libraries like Colombo Public Library, BC, American Center)    
• Other local University libraries (Colombo, UCSC)
• Use electronic resources that you can access on- and off-campus (IEEE, ACM, Athens)

Types of Libraries

As stated in Ala (2012), major types of libraries are as below.

• Academic libraries:  Colleges and universities, their students, staff and faculty have academic libraries which are dedicated to fields as Law, Business, IT and Mathematics libraries (Ala , 1997). Many academic librarians become specialists in an area of knowledge and can have faculty status. 
• Public libraries: Provide service to all communities of all sizes and types (Ala , 1997). Public libraries often have departments that focus on areas of service, such as youth, teens and adults. 
• School libraries: Usually part of a school system, and serve students between Kindergarten and grade 13 (Ala , 1997). 
• Special libraries: Tender unique opportunities to work in a specialized environment of interest (Ala , 1997)  such as corporations, private businesses, and the government (Ala , 1997)  Can serve particular populations, such as the blind and physically handicapped.

The following image represent the percentages of library types across the globe. Public library and academic library usage is the highest than all other things. 

Blog.webjunctionworks (2012)

005.133. C++ 118/8 is code of APIIT Library for a particular book in programming category. In this 005.133 is representing the subject and c++ is the extension of subject in alphabetic order and 118/8 is the item number and the edition of the book. 

A class activity was conducted to arrange some library catalog coded in sequence order. And also talked about how to map the ideas to do a project. For the below topic the diagram is being driven and discussed.

Is offering inducement to exchange gambling ethical

Building strategy

• Synonyms
• Acronyms
• Spelling variations
• Regional variations

Search Techniques
There are different ways to search articles on a particular topic. The main thing is to use a search engine first to get an idea what is expecting as the outcome. Search Engines will always return good results depending on the use of proper syntax and it is good for well defined topics to search. The keyword searching can be done using different search engine showing in the figure.

Designmission (2012)

Searching Strategies

Cloudfront.bostinno (2012)

• Keywords
• Searching operators (AND, OR, NOR)
• Nesting (Used to group synonymous spelling variations or other alternate terms)
• Phrase searching (Searches on the root of the word adding different word endings or  plurals)
• Truncation and wildcards (used with "?". Wildcards are used to pick up words that have different) 

Refernces

Librarylaws (1996) The Definition of a Library. [online] Available at: http://www.librarylaws.com/ [Accessed: 4 Dec 2012].

Ala (1997) Types of Libraries | American Library Association. [online] Available at: http://www.ala.org/educationcareers/careers/librarycareerssite/typesoflibraries [Accessed: 14 Dec 2012].

Designmission (2012) Simple Search Engine Optimization . [online] Available at: http://www.designmission.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/search-engines.gif [Accessed: 14 Dec 2012].

Cloudfront.bostinno (2012) Online Searchers Want More From Small Businesses . [online] Available at: http://cloudfront4.bostinno.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/onlinesearch-300x298.jpg [Accessed: 14 Dec 2012].

Blog.webjunctionworks (2012) [online] Available at: http://blog.webjunctionworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/library-type-breakdown.jpg [Accessed: 14 Dec 2012].